Installation and configuration
Installing Anymail
To use Anymail in your Django project:
Install the django-anymail app. It’s easiest to install from PyPI using pip:
$ pip install "django-anymail[sendgrid,sparkpost]"
The
[sendgrid,sparkpost]
part of that command tells pip you also want to install additional packages required for those ESPs. You can give one or more comma-separated, lowercase ESP names. (Most ESPs don’t have additional requirements, so you can often just skip this. Or change your mind later. Anymail will let you know if there are any missing dependencies when you try to use it.)Edit your Django project’s
settings.py
, and addanymail
to yourINSTALLED_APPS
(anywhere in the list):INSTALLED_APPS = [ # ... "anymail", # ... ]
Also in
settings.py
, add anANYMAIL
settings dict, substituting the appropriate settings for your ESP. E.g.:ANYMAIL = { "MAILGUN_API_KEY": "<your Mailgun key>", }
The exact settings vary by ESP. See the supported ESPs section for specifics.
Then continue with either or both of the next two sections, depending on which Anymail features you want to use.
Configuring Django’s email backend
To use Anymail for sending email from Django, make additional changes
in your project’s settings.py
. (Skip this section if you are only
planning to receive email.)
Change your existing Django
EMAIL_BACKEND
to the Anymail backend for your ESP. For example, to send using Mailgun by default:EMAIL_BACKEND = "anymail.backends.mailgun.EmailBackend"
(
EMAIL_BACKEND
sets Django’s default for sending emails; you can also use multiple Anymail backends to send particular messages through different ESPs.)If you don’t already have
DEFAULT_FROM_EMAIL
andSERVER_EMAIL
in your settings, this is a good time to add them. (Django’s defaults are “webmaster@localhost” and “root@localhost”, respectively, and most ESPs won’t allow sending from those addresses.)
With the settings above, you are ready to send outgoing email through your ESP. If you also want to enable status tracking or inbound handling, continue with the settings below. Otherwise, skip ahead to Sending email.
Configuring tracking and inbound webhooks
Anymail can optionally connect to your ESP’s event webhooks to notify your app of:
status tracking events for sent email, like bounced or rejected messages, successful delivery, message opens and clicks, etc.
inbound message events, if you are set up to receive email through your ESP
Skip this section if you won’t be using Anymail’s webhooks.
Warning
Webhooks are ordinary urls, and are wide open to the internet. You must use care to avoid creating security vulnerabilities that could expose your users’ emails and other private information, or subject your app to malicious input data.
At a minimum, your site should use https and you should configure a webhook secret as described below.
See Securing webhooks for additional information.
If you want to use Anymail’s inbound or tracking webhooks:
In your
settings.py
, addWEBHOOK_SECRET
to theANYMAIL
block:ANYMAIL = { ... 'WEBHOOK_SECRET': '<a random string>:<another random string>', }
This setting should be a string with two sequences of random characters, separated by a colon. It is used as a shared secret, known only to your ESP and your Django app, to ensure nobody else can call your webhooks.
We suggest using 16 characters (or more) for each half of the secret. Always generate a new, random secret just for this purpose. (Don’t use your Django secret key or ESP’s API key.)
An easy way to generate a random secret is to run this command in a shell:
$ python -c "from django.utils import crypto; print(':'.join(crypto.get_random_string(16) for _ in range(2)))"
(This setting is actually an HTTP basic auth string. You can also set it to a list of auth strings, to simplify credential rotation or use different auth with different ESPs. See
ANYMAIL_WEBHOOK_SECRET
in the Securing webhooks docs for more details.)In your project’s
urls.py
, add routing for the Anymail webhook urls:from django.urls import include, path urlpatterns = [ ... path("anymail/", include("anymail.urls")), ]
(You can change the “anymail” prefix in the first parameter to
path()
if you’d like the webhooks to be served at some other URL. Just match whatever you use in the webhook URL you give your ESP in the next step.)Enter the webhook URL(s) into your ESP’s dashboard or control panel. In most cases, the URL will be:
https://random:random@yoursite.example.com/anymail/esp/type/
“https” (rather than http) is strongly recommended
random:random is the WEBHOOK_SECRET string you created in step 1
yoursite.example.com is your Django site
“anymail” is the url prefix (from step 2)
esp is the lowercase name of your ESP (e.g., “sendgrid” or “mailgun”)
type is either “tracking” for Anymail’s sent-mail event tracking webhooks, or “inbound” for receiving email
Some ESPs support different webhooks for different tracking events. You can usually enter the same Anymail tracking webhook URL for all of them (or all that you want to receive)—but be sure to use the separate inbound URL for inbound webhooks. And always check the specific details for your ESP under Supported ESPs.
Also, some ESPs try to validate the webhook URL immediately when you enter it. If so, you’ll need to deploy your Django project to your live server before you can complete this step.
Some WSGI servers may need additional settings to pass HTTP authorization headers
through to Django. For example, Apache with mod_wsgi requires
WSGIPassAuthorization On
, else Anymail will complain about “missing or invalid
basic auth” when your webhook is called.
See Tracking sent mail status for information on creating signal handlers and the status tracking events you can receive. See Receiving mail for information on receiving inbound message events.
Anymail settings reference
You can add Anymail settings to your project’s settings.py
either as
a single ANYMAIL
dict, or by breaking out individual settings prefixed with
ANYMAIL_
. So this settings dict:
ANYMAIL = { "MAILGUN_API_KEY": "12345", "SEND_DEFAULTS": { "tags": ["myapp"] }, }
…is equivalent to these individual settings:
ANYMAIL_MAILGUN_API_KEY = "12345" ANYMAIL_SEND_DEFAULTS = {"tags": ["myapp"]}
In addition, for some ESP settings like API keys, Anymail will look for a setting
without the ANYMAIL_
prefix if it can’t find the Anymail one. (This can be helpful
if you are using other Django apps that work with the same ESP.)
MAILGUN_API_KEY = "12345" # used only if neither ANYMAIL["MAILGUN_API_KEY"] # nor ANYMAIL_MAILGUN_API_KEY have been set
Finally, for complex use cases, you can override most settings on a per-instance
basis by providing keyword args where the instance is initialized (e.g., in a
get_connection()
call to create an email backend instance,
or in a View.as_view()
call to set up webhooks in a custom urls.py). To get the kwargs
parameter for a setting, drop “ANYMAIL” and the ESP name, and lowercase the rest:
e.g., you can override ANYMAIL_MAILGUN_API_KEY for a particular connection by calling
get_connection("anymail.backends.mailgun.EmailBackend", api_key="abc")
.
See Mixing email backends for an example.
There are specific Anymail settings for each ESP (like API keys and urls). See the supported ESPs section for details. Here are the other settings Anymail supports:
IGNORE_RECIPIENT_STATUS
Set to True
to disable AnymailRecipientsRefused
exceptions
on invalid or rejected recipients. (Default False
.)
See Refused recipients.
ANYMAIL = { ... "IGNORE_RECIPIENT_STATUS": True, }
SEND_DEFAULTS and ESP_SEND_DEFAULTS
A dict
of default options to apply to all messages sent through Anymail.
See Global send defaults.
IGNORE_UNSUPPORTED_FEATURES
Whether Anymail should raise AnymailUnsupportedFeature
errors for email with features that can’t be accurately communicated to the ESP.
Set to True
to ignore these problems and send the email anyway. See
Unsupported features. (Default False
.)
WEBHOOK_SECRET
A 'random:random'
shared secret string. Anymail will reject incoming webhook calls
from your ESP that don’t include this authentication. You can also give a list of
shared secret strings, and Anymail will allow ESP webhook calls that match any of them
(to facilitate credential rotation). See Securing webhooks.
Default is unset, which leaves your webhooks insecure. Anymail will warn if you try to use webhooks without a shared secret.
This is actually implemented using HTTP basic authentication, and the string is technically a “username:password” format. But you should not use any real username or password for this shared secret.
REQUESTS_TIMEOUT
For Requests-based Anymail backends, the timeout value used for all API calls to your ESP.
The default is 30 seconds. You can set to a single float, a 2-tuple of floats for
separate connection and read timeouts, or None
to disable timeouts (not recommended).
See Timeouts in the Requests docs for more information.
DEBUG_API_REQUESTS
Added in version 4.3.
When set to True
, outputs the raw API communication with the ESP, to assist in
debugging. Each HTTP request and ESP response is dumped to sys.stdout
once
the response is received.
Caution
Do not enable DEBUG_API_REQUESTS
in production deployments. The debug
output will include your API keys, email addresses, and other sensitive data
that you generally don’t want to capture in server logs or reveal on the console.
DEBUG_API_REQUESTS
only applies to sending email through Requests-based
Anymail backends. For other backends, there may be similar debugging facilities
available in the ESP’s API wrapper package (e.g., boto3.set_stream_logger
for
Amazon SES).